KCET Preparation

PHYSICAL WORLD & MEASUREMENT (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Physics - scope and excitement; nature of physical laws

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Physics, technology, and society

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Units and measurements: Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, errors in measurement, significant figures

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Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

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KINEMATICS (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity

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Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity

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Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs

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Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment)

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LAWS OF MOTION (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Concept of force and inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum and Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion

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Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications

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Equilibrium of concurrent forces, static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication

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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER (2 subtopics) Topic Select All

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power

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Potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces, conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies), non-conservative forces

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SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION (5 subtopics) Topic Select All

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion

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Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod

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Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples

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Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions

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Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation)

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GRAVITATION (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal law of gravitation

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The gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth

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Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential

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Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite, geostationary satellites

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PROPERTIES OF BULK MATTER (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Elasticity: Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity

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Pressure: Pascal's law, hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes

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Viscosity: Coefficient of viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline flow, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications

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Surface tension: Angle of contact, applications of surface tension

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THERMODYNAMICS (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature

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Heat, work and internal energy, first law of thermodynamics

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Second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine and its efficiency

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KINETIC THEORY OF GASES (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas

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Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure

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Kinetic interpretation of temperature, rms speed of gas molecules, degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities

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OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions

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Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a loaded spring, restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and pot

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Free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance

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Wave motion: Transverse and longitudinal waves, speed of wave motion, displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflect

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SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

General introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry

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Laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of elements, atoms and molecules

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Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calcula

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STRUCTURE OF ATOM (5 subtopics) Topic Select All

Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars

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Thomson's model and its limitations

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Rutherford's model and its limitations

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Bohr's model and its limitations

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Quantum mechanical model of atom

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CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table

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Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table

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Periodic trends in properties of elements: Atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency

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CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond; bond parameters

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Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond

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Valence bond theory, resonance structures of some common species, VSEPR theory, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea onl

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STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS (5 subtopics) Topic Select All

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points

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Role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law

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Ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas equation

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Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature

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Liquid State - Properties of liquids - relation between vapour pressure, boiling point and intermolecular forces

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THERMODYNAMICS (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

First law of thermodynamics - internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess's law of constant heat summation, en

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Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity

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Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction)

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EQUILIBRIUM (1 subtopics) Topic Select All

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium

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REDOX REACTIONS (1 subtopics) Topic Select All

Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, applications of redox reactions

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HYDROGEN (1 subtopics) Topic Select All

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; physica

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S-BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS) (1 subtopics) Topic Select All

Group 1 and Group 2 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal rela

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SOME P-BLOCK ELEMENTS (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

General Introduction to p-Block Elements

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Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalo

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Group 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalo

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

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Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

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Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions

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HYDROCARBONS (5 subtopics) Topic Select All

Classification of Hydrocarbons

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Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combus

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Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: Addition of h

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Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: Acidic character of alkynes, additio

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Aromatic hydrocarbons - Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene: Resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution - nitrat

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SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Sets and their representation, Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties

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Relations and functions, types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations

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One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function, binary operations, properties of binary operations

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COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram

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Algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number

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Triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions

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Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots

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MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS (5 subtopics) Topic Select All

Matrices: Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices

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Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication

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Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)

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Concept of elementary row and column operations, Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists

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Determinants: Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding

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PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS (1 subtopics) Topic Select All

Fundamental principle of counting, Factorial n (n!), Permutations and combinations, derivation of formulae and their connections, simple applications

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BINOMIAL THEOREM (2 subtopics) Topic Select All

History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices

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Pascal's triangle, General and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications

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SEQUENCES AND SERIES (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Sequence and Series: Arithmetic progression (A.P.), arithmetic mean (A.M.)

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Geometric progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M.

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Sum to n terms of the special series: Σn, Σn², Σn³

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LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY (7 subtopics) Topic Select All

Real-valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions

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Concept of limit, Standard limits - Examples

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Continuity - Algebraic properties of continuous functions, Continuous functions and their properties

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Differentiability, Derivative of the function, Derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions

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Derivative of polynomial and trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, logarithmic and exponential functions

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Geometrical interpretation of derivative, Tangents and Normals

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Rate of change of quantities, Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of a function

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INTEGRAL CALCULUS (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Integration as an inverse process of differentiation

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Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the type

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Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals

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Applications of the integrals: Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, areas of circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form onl

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (5 subtopics) Topic Select All

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation

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Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given

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Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree

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Solutions of linear differential equation of the type

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dy/dx + py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constants

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COORDINATE GEOMETRY (5 subtopics) Topic Select All

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, Distance formula, Section formula, Locus and its equation

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Straight lines: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines

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Distance of a point from a line

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Conic sections: Sections of a cone, Circles, standard equation of a circle, Equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given

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Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola: Standard equations and simple properties

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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Coordinates of a point in space, Distance between two points, Section formula, Direction ratios and direction cosines

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Angle between two intersecting lines

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Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation

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Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, Intersection of a line and a plane, Coplanar lines

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VECTOR ALGEBRA (2 subtopics) Topic Select All

Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space

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Scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Measures of Dispersion: Range, Mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data

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Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances

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Probability: Random experiments, outcomes and associated sample spaces, events, occurrence of events, impossible, sure and complementary events

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Elementary events, Event probability, addition and multiplication theorems of probability and their applications

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TRIGONOMETRY (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs

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Trigonometric identities and equations

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Inverse trigonometric functions, their properties

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Height and distances, solution of triangles

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DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD (5 subtopics) Topic Select All

What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial n

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Tools for study of taxonomy - Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens

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Five kingdom classification: Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids

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Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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Salient features and classification of animals - non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least

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STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS (2 subtopics) Topic Select All

Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence - cymose and racemose, flow

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Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach)

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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wal

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Cell organelles - structure and function; Endomembrane system - endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, mic

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Chromosomes - Structure, number and types; cell cycle; meiosis, mitosis and their significance

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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (6 subtopics) Topic Select All

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport - Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant-water relations

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Transpiration: Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport of food, phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis; Diffus

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Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of hydroponics as a metho

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Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); ph

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Respiration: Cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations - Number of ATP mo

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Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redif

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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (7 subtopics) Topic Select All

Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and

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Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - Exch

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Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system - Structu

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Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion - Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system - Structure and function; Urine for

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Locomotion and movement: Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its

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Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Ge

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Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system - Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pa

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REPRODUCTION (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Asexual reproduction: Binary fission, sporulatio

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Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination - types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding

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Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis; Menstrual cycl

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Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control - Need and methods, Contraception and Med

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GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism - Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups,

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Sex determination - in humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance - Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in human

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Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma

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Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); D

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BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE (3 subtopics) Topic Select All

Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebia

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Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry

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Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers;

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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS (2 subtopics) Topic Select All

Principles and processes of Biotechnology: Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology)

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Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgeni

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ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT (4 subtopics) Topic Select All

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Po

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Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); ec

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Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; importance of Biodiversity; loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservatio

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Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste

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