KCET Mock Test

PHYSICS

PHYSICAL WORLD & MEASUREMENT

Physics - scope and excitement; nature of physical laws

Physics, technology, and society

Units and measurements: Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, errors in measurement, significant figures

Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

KINEMATICS

Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity

Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity

Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs

Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment)

LAWS OF MOTION

Concept of force and inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum and Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion

Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications

Equilibrium of concurrent forces, static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power

Potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces, conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies), non-conservative forces; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion

Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod

Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples

Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions

Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation)

GRAVITATION

Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal law of gravitation

The gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth

Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential

Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite, geostationary satellites

PROPERTIES OF BULK MATTER

Elasticity: Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity

Pressure: Pascal's law, hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes

Viscosity: Coefficient of viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline flow, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications

Surface tension: Angle of contact, applications of surface tension

THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature

Heat, work and internal energy, first law of thermodynamics

Second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine and its efficiency

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas

Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure

Kinetic interpretation of temperature, rms speed of gas molecules, degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; mean free path, Avogadro's number

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions

Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a loaded spring, restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period

Free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance

Wave motion: Transverse and longitudinal waves, speed of wave motion, displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats

CHEMISTRY

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

General introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry

Laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of elements, atoms and molecules

Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry

STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars

Thomson's model and its limitations

Rutherford's model and its limitations

Bohr's model and its limitations

Quantum mechanical model of atom

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table

Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table

Periodic trends in properties of elements: Atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency

CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond; bond parameters

Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond

Valence bond theory, resonance structures of some common species, VSEPR theory, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond

STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points

Role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law

Ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas equation

Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature

Liquid State - Properties of liquids - relation between vapour pressure, boiling point and intermolecular forces

THERMODYNAMICS

First law of thermodynamics - internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution

Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity

Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction)

EQUILIBRIUM

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chatelier's principle; ionic equilibrium - ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, concept of pH and pOH, buffer solutions

REDOX REACTIONS

Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, applications of redox reactions

HYDROGEN

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide - preparation, reactions and structure and use; hydrogen as a fuel

S-BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

Group 1 and Group 2 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses

SOME P-BLOCK ELEMENTS

General Introduction to p-Block Elements

Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of the first element of the group; Boron - physical and chemical properties

Group 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of the first element; Carbon - catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES

General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions

HYDROCARBONS

Classification of Hydrocarbons

Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis

Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition

Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: Acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water

Aromatic hydrocarbons - Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene: Resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity

MATHEMATICS

SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Sets and their representation, Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties

Relations and functions, types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations

One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function, binary operations, properties of binary operations

COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram

Algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number

Triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions

Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Matrices: Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices

Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication

Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)

Concept of elementary row and column operations, Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists

Determinants: Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle, Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

Fundamental principle of counting, Factorial n (n!), Permutations and combinations, derivation of formulae and their connections, simple applications

BINOMIAL THEOREM

History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices

Pascal's triangle, General and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

Sequence and Series: Arithmetic progression (A.P.), arithmetic mean (A.M.)

Geometric progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M.

Sum to n terms of the special series: Σn, Σn², Σn³

LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Real-valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions

Concept of limit, Standard limits - Examples

Continuity - Algebraic properties of continuous functions, Continuous functions and their properties

Differentiability, Derivative of the function, Derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions

Derivative of polynomial and trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, logarithmic and exponential functions

Geometrical interpretation of derivative, Tangents and Normals

Rate of change of quantities, Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of a function

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Integration as an inverse process of differentiation

Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the type

Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals

Applications of the integrals: Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, areas of circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), Area between the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation

Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given

Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree

Solutions of linear differential equation of the type

dy/dx + py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constants

COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, Distance formula, Section formula, Locus and its equation

Straight lines: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines

Distance of a point from a line

Conic sections: Sections of a cone, Circles, standard equation of a circle, Equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given

Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola: Standard equations and simple properties

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Coordinates of a point in space, Distance between two points, Section formula, Direction ratios and direction cosines

Angle between two intersecting lines

Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation

Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, Intersection of a line and a plane, Coplanar lines

VECTOR ALGEBRA

Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space

Scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Measures of Dispersion: Range, Mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data

Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances

Probability: Random experiments, outcomes and associated sample spaces, events, occurrence of events, impossible, sure and complementary events

Elementary events, Event probability, addition and multiplication theorems of probability and their applications

TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs

Trigonometric identities and equations

Inverse trigonometric functions, their properties

Height and distances, solution of triangles

BIOLOGY

DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD

What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature

Tools for study of taxonomy - Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens

Five kingdom classification: Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids

Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Salient features and classification of animals - non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples of each category)

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS

Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence - cymose and racemose, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus)

Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach)

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall

Cell organelles - structure and function; Endomembrane system - endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus

Chromosomes - Structure, number and types; cell cycle; meiosis, mitosis and their significance

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport - Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant-water relations - Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water - Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation

Transpiration: Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport of food, phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention)

Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation

Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis

Respiration: Cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations - Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient

Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; Growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea

Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration - Asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders

Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system - Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion - Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system - Structure and function; Urine formation, osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function - Renin - angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders - Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney, Kidney transplant

Locomotion and movement: Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions; Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system - Myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout

Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sensory perception; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear

Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system - Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders; Example of hormone action - Parathyroid hormone, Insulin and glucagon, Thyroxin

REPRODUCTION

Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Asexual reproduction: Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination - types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events - Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); Parturition (elementary idea) and lactation

Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control - Need and methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism - Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes

Sex determination - in humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance - Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - Thalassemia, Phenylketonuria, Chromosomal disorders - Down's Syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's Syndromes

Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation - Lac Operon; Genome and human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting

Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin's contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution - Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution

BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE

Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse

Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry

Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers; Antibiotics; production and judicious use

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Principles and processes of Biotechnology: Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology)

Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals; Biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents

ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution

Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services - carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release

Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; importance of Biodiversity; loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation - in situ and ex situ conservation of Biodiversity

Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and climate change; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues

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