BITSAT Mock Test

PHYSICS

Units & Measurement

Units (Different systems of units, SI units, fundamental and derived units)

Dimensional Analysis

Precision and significant figures

Fundamental measurements in Physics (Vernier calipers, screw gauge, Physical balance etc)

Kinematics

Properties of vectors

Position, velocity, and acceleration vectors

Motion with constant acceleration

Projectile motion

Uniform circular motion

Relative motion

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's laws (free body diagram, resolution of forces)

Motion on an inclined plane

Motion of blocks with pulley systems

Circular motion – centripetal force

Inertial and non-inertial frames

Impulse and Momentum

Definition of impulse and momentum

Conservation of momentum

Collisions

Momentum of a system of particles

Center of mass

Work and Energy

Work done by a force

Kinetic energy and work-energy theorem

Power

Conservative forces and potential energy

Conservation of mechanical energy

Rotational Motion

Description of rotation (angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration)

Rotational motion with constant angular acceleration

Moment of inertia, Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, rotational kinetic energy

Torque and angular momentum

Conservation of angular momentum

Rolling motion

Gravitation

Newton's law of gravitation

Gravitational potential energy, Escape velocity

Motion of planets – Kepler's laws, satellite motion

Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

Elasticity

Pressure, density and Archimedes' principle

Viscosity and Surface Tension

Bernoulli's theorem

Oscillations

Kinematics of simple harmonic motion

Spring mass system, simple and compound pendulum

Forced & damped oscillations, resonance

Waves

Progressive sinusoidal waves

Standing waves in strings and pipes

Superposition of waves, beats

Doppler Effect

Heat and Thermodynamics

Kinetic theory of gases

Thermal equilibrium and temperature

Specific heat, Heat Transfer - Conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, Newton's law of cooling

Work, heat and first law of thermodynamics

2nd law of thermodynamics, Carnot engine – Efficiency and Coefficient of performance

Electrostatics

Coulomb's law

Electric field (discrete and continuous charge distributions)

Electrostatic potential and Electrostatic potential energy

Gauss' law and its applications

Electric dipole

Capacitance and dielectrics (parallel plate capacitor, capacitors in series and parallel)

Current Electricity

Ohm's law, Joule heating

D.C circuits – Resistors and cells in series and parallel, Kirchoff's laws, potentiometer and Wheatstone bridge

Electrical Resistance (Resistivity, origin and temperature dependence of resistivity)

Magnetic Effect of Current

Biot-Savart's law and its applications

Ampere's law and its applications

Lorentz force, force on current carrying conductors in a magnetic field

Magnetic moment of a current loop, torque on a current loop, Galvanometer and its conversion to voltmeter and ammeter

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's law, Lenz's law, eddy currents

Self and mutual inductance

Transformers and generators

Alternating current (peak and rms value)

AC circuits, LCR circuits

Optics

Laws of reflection and refraction

Lenses and mirrors

Optical instruments – telescope and microscope

Interference – Huygen's principle, Young's double slit experiment

Interference in thin films

Diffraction due to a single slit

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (only qualitative ideas), Electromagnetic spectrum

Polarization – states of polarization, Malus' law, Brewster's law

Modern Physics

Dual nature of light and matter – Photoelectric effect, De Broglie wavelength

Atomic models – Rutherford's experiment, Bohr's atomic model

Hydrogen atom spectrum

Radioactivity

Nuclear reactions: Fission and fusion, binding energy

Electronic Devices

Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors

Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator

Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator

Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch

CHEMISTRY

States of Matter

Measurement: Physical quantities and SI units, Dimensional analysis, Precision, Significant figures

Chemical reactions: Laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory; Mole concept; Atomic, molecular and molar masses; Percentage composition empirical & molecular formula; Balanced chemical equations & stoichiometry

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points

Gaseous state: Kinetic energy and molecular speeds; Gas Laws, ideal behavior, ideal gas equation, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, Deviation from ideal behaviour – Critical temperature, Liquefaction of gases, van der Waals equation

Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity

Solid state: Classification; Space lattices & crystal systems; Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell – Cubic & hexagonal systems; Close packing; Crystal structures: Simple AB and AB2 type ionic crystals, covalent crystals – diamond & graphite, metals. Voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, Imperfections- Point defects, non-stoichiometric crystals; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties; Amorphous solids – qualitative description. Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators, and n- and p- type semiconductors

Atomic Structure

Introduction: Subatomic particles; Atomic number, isotopes and isobars, Thompson's model and its limitations, Rutherford's picture of atom and its limitations; Hydrogen atom spectrum and Bohr model and its limitations

Quantum mechanics: Wave-particle duality – de Broglie relation, Uncertainty principle; Hydrogen atom: Quantum numbers and wave functions, atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p, and d), Spin quantum number

Many electron atoms: Pauli exclusion principle; Aufbau principle and the electronic configuration of atoms, Hund's rule

Periodicity and Bonding

Brief history of the development of periodic tables Periodic law and the modern periodic table; Types of elements: s, p, d, and f blocks; Periodic trends: ionization energy, atomic, and ionic radii, inert gas radii, electron affinity, electro negativity and valency

Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100

Valence electrons, Ionic Bond: Lattice Energy and Born-Haber cycle; Covalent character of ionic bonds and polar character of covalent bond, bond parameters

Molecular Structure: Lewis picture & resonance structures, VSEPR model & molecular shapes

Covalent Bond: Valence Bond Theory- Orbital overlap, Directionality of bonds & hybridization (s, p & d orbitals only), Resonance; Molecular orbital theory- Methodology, Orbital energy level diagram, Bond order, Magnetic properties for homonuclear diatomic species (qualitative idea only)

Dipole moments; Hydrogen Bond

Thermodynamics

Basic Concepts: Systems and surroundings; State functions; Intensive & Extensive Properties; Zeroth Law and Temperature

First Law of Thermodynamics: Work, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, heat capacities and specific heats, measurements of ΔU and ΔH, Enthalpies of formation, phase transformation, ionization, electron gain; Thermochemistry; Hess's Law, Enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, atomization, sublimation, solution and dilution

Second Law: Spontaneous and reversible processes; entropy; Gibbs free energy related to spontaneity and non-spontaneity, non-mechanical work; Standard free energies of formation, free energy change and chemical equilibrium

Third Law: Introduction

Physical and Chemical Equilibria

Concentration Units: Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality

Solutions: Solubility of solids and gases in liquids, Vapour Pressure, Raoult's law, Relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression in freezing point; elevation in boiling point; osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass; solid solutions, abnormal molecular mass, van't Hoff factor. Equilibrium: Dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action

Physical Equilibrium: Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas)

Chemical Equilibria: Equilibrium constants (KP, KC), Factors affecting equilibrium, Le-Chatelier's principle

Ionic Equilibria: Strong and Weak electrolytes, Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Lewis, Lowry and Bronsted) and their dissociation; degree of ionization, Ionization of Water; ionization of polybasic acids, pH; Buffer solutions; Henderson equation, Acid-base titrations; Hydrolysis; Solubility Product of Sparingly Soluble Salts; Common Ion Effect

Factors Affecting Equilibria: Concentration, Temperature, Pressure, Catalysts, Significance of ΔG and ΔG0 in Chemical Equilibria

Electrochemistry

Redox Reactions: Oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transfer concept); Oxidation number; Balancing of redox reactions; Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; EMF of Galvanic cells; Nernst equation; Factors affecting the electrode potential; Gibbs energy change and cell potential; Secondary cells; dry cells, Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention

Electrolytic Conduction: Electrolytic Conductance; Specific and molar conductivities; variations of conductivity with concentration, Kolhrausch's Law and its application, Electrolysis, Faraday's laws of electrolysis; Electrode potential and electrolysis

Chemical Kinetics

Aspects of Kinetics: Rate and Rate expression of a reaction; Rate constant; Order and molecularity of the reaction; Integrated rate expressions and half-life for zero and first order reactions

Factor Affecting the Rate of the Reactions: Concentration of the reactants, catalyst; size of particles, Temperature dependence of rate constant concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment); Activation energy, Arrhenius Equation

Surface Chemistry: Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gasses on solids; catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis, colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multi molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulations; emulsions–types of emulsions

Hydrogen and s-block elements

Hydrogen: Element: unique position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes; Dihydrogen: preparation, properties, reactions, and uses; Molecular, saline, ionic, covalent, interstitial hydrides; Water: Properties; Structure and aggregation of water molecules; Heavy water; Hydrogen peroxide: preparation, reaction, structure & use, Hydrogen as a fuel

s-block elements: Abundance and occurrence; Anomalous properties of the first elements in each group; diagonal relationships; trends in the variation of properties (ionization energy, atomic & ionic radii)

Alkali metals: Lithium, sodium and potassium: occurrence, extraction, reactivity, and electrode potentials; Biological importance; Reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and water; Basic nature of oxides and hydroxides; Halides; Properties and uses of compounds such as NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, KCl, and KOH

Alkaline earth metals: Magnesium and calcium: Occurrence, extraction, reactivity and electrode potentials; Reactions with O2, H2O, H2 and halogens; Solubility and thermal stability of oxo salts; Biological importance of Ca and Mg; Preparation, properties and uses of important compounds such as CaO, Ca(OH)2, plaster of Paris, MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCO3, and CaSO4

p- d- and f-block elements

General: Abundance, distribution, physical and chemical properties, isolation and uses of elements; Trends in chemical reactivity of elements of a group; electronic configuration, oxidation states; anomalous properties of first element of each group

Group 13 elements: Boron; Properties and uses of borax, boric acid, boron hydrides & halides. Reaction of aluminum with acids and alkalis

Group 14 elements: Carbon: carbon catenation, physical & chemical properties, uses, allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerenes), oxides, halides and sulphides, carbides; Silicon: Silica, silicates, silicone, silicon tetrachloride, Zeolites, and their uses

Group 15 elements: Dinitrogen; Preparation, reactivity and uses of nitrogen; Industrial and biological nitrogen fixation; Compound of nitrogen; Ammonia: Haber's process, properties and reactions; Oxides of nitrogen and their structures; Properties and Ostwald's process of nitric acid production; Fertilizers – NPK type; Production of phosphorus; Allotropes of phosphorus; Preparation, structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids (elementary idea only) and halides of phosphorus, phosphine

Group 16 elements: Isolation and chemical reactivity of dioxygen; Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides; Preparation, structure and properties of ozone; Allotropes of sulphur; Preparation/production properties and uses of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid; Structure and properties of oxides, oxoacids (structures only)

Group 17 and group 18 elements: Structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids of halogens (structures only); preparation, properties & uses of chlorine & HCl; Inter halogen compounds; Bleaching Powder; Uses of Group 18 elements, Preparation, structure and reactions of xenon fluorides, oxides, and oxoacids

d-Block elements: General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements; Metallic character; Oxidation state; ionization enthalpy; Ionic radii; Color; Catalytic properties; Magnetic properties; Interstitial compounds; Occurrence and extraction of iron, copper, silver, zinc, and mercury; Alloy formation; Steel and some important alloys; preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7, KMnO4

f-Block elements: Lanthanoids and actinoids; Oxidation states and chemical reactivity of lanthanoids compounds; Lanthanide contraction and its consequences, Comparison of actinoids and lanthanoids

Coordination Compounds: Coordination number; Ligands; Werner's coordination theory; IUPAC nomenclature; Application and importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems e.g. chlorophyll, vitamin B12, and hemoglobin); Bonding: Valence-bond approach, Crystal field theory (qualitative); Isomerism including stereoisomerisms

Principles of Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

Classification: General Introduction, classification based on functional groups, trivial and IUPAC nomenclature. Methods of purification: qualitative and quantitative

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation; free radicals; carbocations, carbanions, nucleophiles and electrophiles; types of organic reactions, free redial halogenations

Alkanes: Structural isomerism, general properties and chemical reactions, free redial helogenation, combustion and pyrolysis

Alkenes and alkynes: Structure of double and triple bonded compounds; General methods of preparation and reactions, physical properties, electrophilic and free radical additions, addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides; (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition; acidic character of alkynes and (1,2 and 1,4) addition to dienes

Aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources; properties; isomerism; resonance delocalization; aromaticity; polynuclear hydrocarbons; IUPAC nomenclature; mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction, directive influence and effect of substituents on reactivity; carcinogenicity and toxicity

Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Physical properties, nomenclature, optical rotation, chemical reactions and mechanism of substitution reaction. Uses and environmental effects; di, tri, tetrachloromethanes, iodoform, freon and DDT

Stereochemistry

Conformations: Ethane conformations; Newman and Sawhorse projections

Geometrical isomerism in alkenes

Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen and Nitrogen

General: Nomenclature, electronic structure, important methods of preparation, identification, important reactions, physical and chemical properties, uses of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, amines, diazonium salts, cyanides and isocyanides

Specific: Reactivity of alpha-hydrogen in carbonyl compounds, effect of substituents on alpha-carbon on acid strength, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives, mechanism of nucleophilic addition and dehydration, basic character of amines, methods of preparation, and their separation, importance of diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry

Biological, Industrial and Environmental chemistry

Carbohydrates: Classification; Monosaccharides; Structures of pentoses and hexoses; Simple chemical reactions of glucose, Disaccharides: reducing and non-reducing sugars – sucrose, maltose and lactose; Polysaccharides: elementary idea of structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen

Proteins: Amino acids; Peptide bond; Polypeptides; Primary structure of proteins; Simple idea of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins; Denaturation of proteins and enzymes

Nucleic Acids: Types of nucleic acids; Primary building blocks of nucleic acids (chemical composition of DNA & RNA); Primary structure of DNA and its double helix

Vitamins: Classification, structure, functions in biosystems; Hormones

Polymers: Classification of polymers; General methods of polymerization; Molecular mass of polymers; Biopolymers and biodegradable polymers; methods of polymerization (free radical, cationic and anionic addition polymerizations); Copolymerization: Natural rubber; Vulcanization of rubber; Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, and rubber

Pollution: Environmental pollutants; soil, water and air pollution; Chemical reactions in atmosphere; Smog; Major atmospheric pollutants; Acid rain; Ozone and its reactions; Depletion of ozone layer and its effects; Industrial air pollution; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Green Chemistry, study for control of environmental pollution

Chemicals in medicine, health-care and food: Analgesics, Tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-microbials, anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids; Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants, soaps and detergents

Theoretical Principles of Experimental Chemistry

Volumetric Analysis: Principles; Standard solutions of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid; Acid-base titrations; Redox reactions involving KI, H2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3 and H2S; Potassium permanganate in acidic, basic and neutral media; Titrations of oxalic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate with KMnO4, K2Cr2O7/Na2S2O3, Cu(II)/Na2S2O3

Qualitative analysis of Inorganic Salts: Principles in the determination of the cations Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Mn2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+, Fe3+, Ni2+ and the anions CO32-, S2-, SO42-, SO32-, NO2-, NO3-, Cl-, Br-, I-, PO43-, CH3COO-, C2O42-

Physical Chemistry Experiments: preparation and crystallization of alum, copper sulphate. Benzoic acid ferrous sulphate, double salt of alum and ferrous sulphate, potassium ferric sulphate; Temperature vs. solubility; Study of pH charges by common ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases; pH measurements of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solutions of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or universal indicator; Lyophilic and lyophobic sols; Dialysis; Role of emulsifying agents in emulsification. Equilibrium studies involving ferric and thiocyanate ions (ii) [Co(H2O)6]2+ and chloride ions; Enthalpy determination for strong acid vs. strong base neutralization reaction (ii) hydrogen bonding interaction between acetone and chloroform; Rates of the reaction between (i) sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, (ii) potassium iodate and sodium sulphite (iii) iodide vs. hydrogen peroxide, concentration and temperature effects in these reactions

Purification Methods: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography. Principles of melting point and boiling point determination; principles of paper chromatographic separation – Rf values

Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous and halogens; Detection of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in foodstuff; Detection of alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic, amino groups and unsaturation

Principles of Organic Chemistry Experiments: Preparation of, acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, di-benzayl acetone, aniline yellow, beta-naphthol-aniline dye

Basic Laboratory Technique: Cutting glass tube and glass rod, bending a glass tube, drawing out a glass jet, boring of cork

MATHEMATICS

Algebra

Complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, roots of complex numbers, geometric interpretations; Fundamental theorem of algebra

Theory of Quadratic equations, quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions

Arithmetic and geometric progressions, arithmetic, geometric and arithmetico geometric series, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers

Logarithms and their properties

Exponential series

Permutations and combinations, Permutations as an arrangement and combination as selection, simple applications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients, Pascal's triangle

Matrices and determinants of order two or three, properties and evaluation of determinants, addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrices, Solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables, elementary row and column operations of matrices, Types of matrices, applications of determinants in finding the area of triangles

Sets, Relations and Functions, algebra of sets applications, equivalence relations, mappings, one to one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings, binary operation, inverse of function, functions of real variables like polynomial, modulus, signum and greatest integer

Mathematical reasoning and methods of proofs, mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/phrases – consolidating the understanding of if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition

implies

and/or

implied by

and

there exists and through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics. Validating the statements involving the connecting words – difference between contradiction, converse and contra positive, Mathematical induction

Linear Inequalities, solution of linear inequalities in one variable (Algebraic) and two variables (Graphical)

Trigonometry

Measurement of angles in radians and degrees, positive and negative angles, trigonometric ratios, functions with their graphs and identities

Solution of trigonometric equations

Inverse trigonometric functions

Two-dimensional Coordinate Geometry

Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin

Straight lines and pair of straight lines: Equation of straight lines in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line, lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrent lines

Circles: Equation of circle in standard form, parametric equations of a circle

Conic sections: parabola, ellipse and hyperbola their eccentricity, directrices & foci

Three dimensional Coordinate Geometry

Co-ordinate axes and co-ordinate planes, distance between two points, section formula, direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space and skew lines

Angle between two lines whose direction ratios are given, shortest distance between two lines

Equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane, condition for coplanarity of three lines, angles between two planes, angle between a line and a plane

Differential calculus

Domain and range of a real valued function, Limits and Continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, Differentiability

Derivative of different types of functions (polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, implicit functions), derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain rule, parametric form

Geometric interpretation of derivative, Tangents and Normal

Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of a function

Rolle's Theorem, Mean Value Theorem and Intermediate Value Theorem

Integral calculus

Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions

Methods of integration: Integration by substitution, Integration by parts, integration by partial fractions, and integration by trigonometric identities

Definite integrals and their properties, Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus, applications in finding areas under simple curves

Application of definite integrals to the determination of areas of regions bounded by simple curves

Ordinary Differential Equations

Order and degree of a differential equation, formulation of a differential equation whole general solution is given, variables separable method

Solution of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree

Linear first order differential equations

Probability

Various terminology in probability, axiomatic and other approaches of probability, addition and multiplication rules of probability

Conditional probability, total probability and Baye's theorem

Independent events

Discrete random variables and distributions with mean and variance

Vectors

Direction ratio/cosines of vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio

Dot and cross products of two vectors, projection of a vector on a line

Scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations

Statistics

Measures of dispersion

Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances

Linear Programming

Various terminology and formulation of linear Programming

Solution of linear Programming using graphical method, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (upto three nonitrivial constraints)

Mathematical modeling

Formulation of simple real life problem, solution using matrices, calculus and linear programming

BIOLOGY

Diversity in Living World

Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind

What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids; Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature

Introductory classification of living organisms (Two-kingdom system, Five-kingdom system)

Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups (Algae to Angiosperms)

Animal kingdom – Salient features of Nonchordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level

Cell: The Unit of Life; Structure and Function

Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi apparatus/Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies

Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells

Cell cycle (various phases); Mitosis; Meiosis

Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids

Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action

Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co-dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles

Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans

DNA – its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation

Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting

Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism

Structure and Function – Plants

Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement

Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro-nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism

Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors

Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations

Structure and Function - Animals

Human Physiology – Digestive system – organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases

Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases

Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function

Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement

Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action

Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants

Asexual methods of reproduction

Sexual Reproduction – Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination (Types and agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and elminth)

Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement

Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo-periodism; Vernalisation

Various types of movements

Reproduction and Development in Humans

Male and female reproductive systems

Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation

Embryo development

Pregnancy and parturition

Birth control and contraception

Ecology and Environment

Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche

Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax. Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web

Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem

Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats

Biodiversity and Environmental Issues – Meaning, types and conservation strategies (Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries), Air and Water Pollution (sources and major pollutants); Global warming and Climate change; Ozone depletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation); Deforestation; Extinction of species (Hot Spots)

Biology and Human Welfare

Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminthes, and their control

Cancer; AIDS

Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse

Basic concepts of immunology

Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement

Biotechnology and its Applications

Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology

Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage treatment and energy generation

Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, NA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants

Applications of R-DNA technology in human health – Production of Insulin, Vaccines and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy

Applications in Industry and Agriculture – Production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement to scale up bioprocesses, GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt crops

ENGLISH_PROFICIENCY_AND_LOGICAL_REASONING

Grammar

Determiners, Prepositions, Modals, Adjectives, Relative Pronouns

Agreement, Time and Tense

Parallel Construction

Voice, Transformation

Question Tags, Relative Clauses

Vocabulary

Odd Word, One Word, Spelling & Word Formation, Homophones

Contextual Meanings of Vocabulary (Definitions, Academic Vocabulary, Connotation)

Synonyms, Antonyms, Collocations

Phrasal Verbs & Idioms

Analogy

Reading Comprehension

Content/Ideas (Finding Main Ideas, Reaching Conclusions Using Supporting Evidence, Anticipation of Ideas, Distinguishing Facts from Opinions)

Vocabulary (Figurative Usage: Metaphors and Similes; Select CLOZE)

Summary (Findings from Options the Correct Summary)

Referents

Reorganization of Information (Jigsaw Reading)

Composition

Rearrangement (Word Order; Logical Organization of Paragraph)

Paragraph & Unity (Identifying the Correct Topic Sentence;)

Linkers/Connectives

Verbal Reasoning

Analogy

Classification

Series Completion

Logical Deduction: Reading Passage

Chart Logic

Nonverbal Reasoning

Pattern Perception

Figure Formation and Analysis

Paper Cutting

Figure Matrix

Rule Detection

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